Egypt&Mexican Pyramids Essays - Architectural Styles, Egyptology

Egypt&Mexican Pyramids Essays - Architectural Styles, Egyptology Egypt&Mexican Pyramids Mysteries of the Ancient World For many centuries people have been fascinated by ancient cultures and treasures. During the last two centuries the science of archeology and modern inventions allowed people to get inside of the Egyptian and Mayan pyramids and discover the treasures of Egyptian pharaohs and Mayan rulers. Most of what we know about Egypt we owe to the pyramids. Thanks to Egyptian belief in the afterlife we can now find out about the civilization that existed nearly five thousand years ago. Egyptian culture is not the only culture that left us its heritage in pyramids. In America we find pyramids build by civilizations of Olmec and Maya about 7th century CE. These pyramids had different purposes and usage then the ones in Egypt but they stand as memorials to ancient civilizations as well. Egyptian people believed in life after death. One of the way pharaohs prepared themselves for the afterlife journey was by building a pyramid and putting there all their belongings and riches. Egyptian people believed that pharaoh is the closest person to the God and treated him accordingly. That is the reason for Egyptian tombs being full with the golden jewelry, precious stones and art objects. Most of the time art objects were not considered a treasury but they played their particular role in religious rituals. Jars were holding food and drinks for pharaohs journey, so he would not get hungry and would have food and drinks to offer to the Gods. The figurative sculptures were suppose to accompany Ka ( spiritual entity) in its lonely stay or serve as a twin for the mummy. If something happens to the mummy the ka could use the sculpture of the pharaoh for the revelation. As well as for Egyptians religion was an everyday concern for many of the Maya, whether the dynastic ruler, the zealous priest, or the humble believer. Maya has an extensive religion structure which we can not know in details. Chac and Itzamna are the most famous gods of Mayan culture. Hunahpu and Xbalanque are among the most interesting mythical characters. One of the most crucial gods was Tlaloc, who was worshiped in various guises by the culture of Teotihuacan, the Toltec of Tula, and later Aztecs. The Maya received the cult of Tlaloc during the 4th century more or less. The Cauac Monster, also known as the Witz monster, is a dominant supernatural concept in Maya religion, as are caves, cenotes, and other holy places (Maya Civilization pars. 6). The Maya built shrines, temples, and pyramids in honor of their gods, as well as to their kings, who ruled by all-encompassing concept of Divine power. Most of Mayan pyramids are temples to the gods, not the burial tombs as in Egypt. Even though Maya sometimes buried there their rulers they always put the temple on the top of the pyramid. Egyptians had temples near the pyramid or right next to it for the ceremonial services, but it never was placed on top of the structure. Also buildings in both cultures have a lot in common in their visual characteristics they are different structures. Egyptian pyramids originally had smooth equal sides meeting on the top in the perfect apex. Mayan pyramids look like one huge stairway towards the sky. It reminds of earliest Egyptian structures-mastabas, where one layer of stones was put onto another creating the effect of pyramid. Also The Tikal Temple on Great Plaza was originally plastered white. Then the roof comb was painted with reds, blues, and other colors to accent the different areas of sculptural decoration. These roof combs were like giant billboards, with immense portrayals of the enthroned king, larger then life size (Cities pars.3). Egyptians never colored their religious structures. As well as in Egyptian pyramids, the stone used to construct Mayan pyramids is local limestone, obtained from nearby quarries. The ancient Maya had no stone tools but limestone is soft enough that the Maya could utilize cher t tools to work the stone in to neat rectangular building blocks. Egyptian pyramids served as huge tombs and they were constructed in such a way so they would stand for thousand years. Egyptians did not know when the spirit would

Critical Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example The commission considered that case to the Criminal Justice Department in order to punish the departmental wrong doings in the case of twin tower collapse. The bad thing is that, the commission at last agreed to compromise and referred all the case to the DG for the Defense and Transportation Department who on departmental behalf can call any official to prosecute in the Criminal Justice System. The case of NORAD was also suspicious in providing correct information. In order to cover up the pressing pressure from different media entities, Pentagon worked in a separate report that was focused on to find if the information submitted to Commission was wrong or not. The different stockpersons from the Pentagon said the report is in the draft shape and will be shared soon. Jones, Steve E. â€Å"Why Indeed Did the WTC Buildings Completely Collapse?† 2006. Web. July 5, 2011. This report by the Dr. Steve E. Jones is a controlled-demolition hypothesis that says that collapse of the WTC was not possible by the impact of airplanes and fire caused but by controlled by the installed cutter-charges. The important fact is that there is, US government has never investigated on the matter. The work by Dr. Jones is a scientific hypothesis that can be tested scientifically. The core findings include that collapse of the twin towers were a deliberate effort by authorities by implanting cutter-charges. The WTC 7 building that was never hit by any plane was demolished on its footprints. The building was a steel frame building that is hard to prove that the building collapse without any planted demolition devices. This work was reviewed by many scientists of PhD level and by physicist. This work by Dr. Jones provided lot of scientific information that collapse was not natural due to airplanes. It portrays high level of challenge to the authorities that say that the work collapse was due to airplanes crash in between them. The fire, fuel burning was analyzed with its power and other material in the building was also analyzed and then it was compared with the power required to demolish the building and found that impact of airplanes is not enough to cause the collapse. The WTC 7 then provides evidence that there is nothing that hit it as an airplane then why it gone demolished. New York Times. CBS News. â€Å"Poll†. Web. July 5, 2011. This was a poll that was done through telephonic methodology that tells about the opinion of the people to know what they think Bush Administration is telling truth, hiding something or lying about the event of 9/11. The polls have 4 percent of margin of error and its results were showing trends on the response. The more people were thinking that administration was lying and hiding the true facts from the people. The polls were taken for 2002 and 2006. The response rate for telling truth was 21 percent in 2002 and 16 percent in 2006. The response rate for hiding something was 65 percent in 2002 and 53 percent in 2006. For mostly lying, the only 8 percent in 2002 but it raised to 28 percent in 2006. These statistics shows that there is a deliberate segment of population who believes that the story is based on lies and it cannot be taken as completely rationale for taking part in the military efforts all over the world. People are

Footsteps Analysis and markating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Footsteps Analysis and markating - Essay Example This study explores the potentials and provides the parameters for this type of service (historical tours) and how it may be enhanced by the new proposed internet enabling. The study provides a strategic assessment using SWOT, PESTEL, and Porter’s Five-Forces model, market analysis and proposed marketing mix, and a cursory plan for implementation of the website design project to actualize the e-commerce capability. The study provides a take-off point for a more thorough operational and financial investment plan that may be completed through incremental analysis, when more detailed data of existing operations are provided. Marketing Analysis Introduction Footsteps Historical Tours is a company which was begun thirty years ago by Judith and Roger Ironridge, husband and wife. The couple are both history aficionados, and at the beginning, both did the research. As time progressed, Judith needed to concentrate on administration. Although the number of employees has increased from t he original 2 to the present 25 (which includes 10 part-timers), the increase in sales and the growth of the business has left the employees, particularly with Roger and Judith, with a heavy workload. While Judith works on the administration of the business, and Roger does the research and the outside broadcasts. With the arrival of their daughter Isabelle, the had additional help, and a new source of more innovative ideas for the business. Originally, Roger and Judith had banked on the creation of a CD Rom for publicity outreach purposes, as their I.T. knowledge had slowly began to catch up. However, a new friend of Isabelle, Max, was brought in to provide an I.T. proposal for the business, the couple were introduced to the idea of going online with its own website. Max happens to be adept in the field, and even ran his own business entirely through internet enabling. The proposed website will provide prospective customers for information about the packaged historic tours of the co mpany; it is also proposed that the website shall provide a facility that will allow for the execution of transactions for the business. After consideration, Judith and Roger agreed to the plan. It is the intention of this report to provide a strategic analysis and marketing strategy for Footsteps Historical Tours, and a proposed plan for execution. Strategic analysis of ‘Footsteps Historical Tours’ PESTLE ANALYSIS FACTOR Type (Pos/Neg) Import-ance Political Factors  · Stability of government in certain destinations  · Social policies of destination countries / localities  · Tax policies, particularly increase in petrol prices  · Expansion of EU allows for greater mobility in new sites +/- +/- - + Moderate Moderate Moderate Crucial Economic Factors  · Disposable income of target customers  · Credit accessibility as a result of global crisis  · Increased competition among other specialty providers  · Interest rates can reduce net income  · Exposure in f oreign currencies if target site is outside UK +/- - - - - Moderate Crucial Moderate Moderate

Children families and communities Familial Isolation Essay

Children families and communities Familial Isolation - Essay Example This paper probes deeper into these forms, and describes two unique challenges to each form. When a parent or a child has a disability, the challenges are many. Suppose that the parent is disabled. The biggest challenge is to find a job and raise his family. Although, there are many laws that support disabled persons in workplaces, still the disabled ones do not find enough motivation to come out of their houses and face the discrimination everywhere they go, to get a job. Disabled persons are thought of as less capable and less efficient, and thus, they find it difficult to find the right kind of job that can help him raise their children. Now, let’s suppose that a child is disabled. He suffers discrimination in his school if he is only physically disabled. If he is mentally disabled, then there are special schools for him, but for physically disabled ones, it becomes a social problem to study in a normal school. No one does friendship with him, and he is left isolated in cla ss and parties. Thus, psychological problems arise. These challenges lead to isolation. People belonging to culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds also suffer from isolation. One challenge is the racial discrimination that they have to suffer at workplaces. No matter how much modern the society has become, yet it has not been able to come out of the typical mindset that does not accept people who belong to different backgrounds. However, there are many special laws at most of the companies and workplaces that protect people from diverse backgrounds. However, society starts attaching stigma to people from other backgrounds, in that they gain positions in the workplaces on the basis of advantages given to them, and not on the basis of their skill, talent, and qualification. This stigmatization is very harmful for them, and tends to create an atmosphere of hatred between different races and cultures. One other challenge is for such people to adjust in the new society, which is different from theirs in cultural and linguistic sense. They have to make a lot of efforts to get them recognized. And if they fail in doing so, they fall into isolation. People who live in rural and remote areas often get deprived of some of the very basic facilities of life. Although they may get purer food and air, they lag behind when it comes to facilities related to education, health care, and technology. Let’s discuss two challenges here. One challenge is about health care. People living in rural and remote areas have to travel long distances to meet a good physician, and often go through prolonged diseases and sicknesses when they do not get immediate health care. Second challenge is the digital divide. It is the gap between the consumers who have an access to computers and internet and those who do not use computers and internet, due to reasons like not having access to computers at all, or lack of â€Å"internet connectedness† (Loges, 2001). Thus, remote a rea people get isolated from the rest of the modern world (Fegan & Bowes, 2009, pp.129-147). Children belonging to one or both incarcerated parents also suffer from social isolation. It is commonly known that it is not only the parent who suffers from incarceration, but the children also go through dangerous consequences because they lose regular contact with the parent, and thus, due to lack of parental supervision, they also get indulged in dangerous activities. â€Å"

Behavior Modification Methods in School Essay -- Positive Interdepende

Education in the United States is a continuous source of controversy. How should the generations be taught? This is an extremely important and in depth issue that has many levels. Each level has its own disagreements. One particular level of education that has been researched is whether or not behavioral methods are effective enough to be used in the classroom to improve academic performance. As can be seen in the data included here, there are many forms of positive reinforcement contingencies that can be presented in the classroom. These may include social rewards, like acceptance and encouragement from peers, tangible rewards, like the token economy, or internally motivating rewards, like having a sense of self-efficacy and feeling confident and proud of a particular accomplishment. The studies included here investigate cooperative learning strategies and how behavioral methods relate to academic performance that way, the use of rewards for good or improved performance, and then f inally how the removal of a punishing aspect of the classroom environment, like a teacher’s criticism can possibly improve academic performance. Cooperative learning is one process that includes behavioral methods. A reward structure is included in cooperative learning technology. Rewards can include grades, teacher approval, or physical rewards. In order for a reward structure to be effective, the rewards must be presented to the student quickly after the desired behavior has occurred. What makes this type of reward structure particular to cooperative learning styles is that rewards are given based on how well a group has learned something as a whole. Each person in the group gets rewarded if and only if each individual person has learned the material sufficiently. A second facet of cooperative learning includes positive goal interdependence and positive reward interdependence (Mesch, Johnson, & Johnson, 1987). Positive goal interdependence is when students perceive that they can achieve their goals if and only if the other students with whom they are cooperatively linked achieve their goals. Whereas, positive reward interdependence exists when each member of a cooperative learning group receives the same reward for successfully completing a joint task (Mesch, Johnson, & Johnson, 1987). Mesch, Johnson, and Johnson (1987) state that on the positive goal interdependence ... ...76). Controlling personal rewards: Professional teachers’ differential   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  use of feedback and the effects of feedback on the student’s motivation to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  perform. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(4), 419-427. Harris, A. M., & Covington, M. V. (1993). The role of cooperative reward   interdependency in success and failure. Journal of Experimental Education, 61(2), 151-168. Leventhal, G. S., & Whiteside, H. D. (1973). Equity and the use of reward to elicit high performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25(1), 75-83. Lew, M., Mesch, D., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. (1986). Positive interdependence,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Academic and collaborative-skills group contingencies, and isolated students.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  American Educational Research Journal, 23(3), 476-488. Mesch, D., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. (1987). Impact of positive interdependence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and academic group contingencies on achievement. The Journal of Social   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychology, 128(3), 345-352. Rickard, H. C., Clements, C. B., & Willis, J. W. (1970). Effects of contingent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and noncontingent token reinforcement upon classroom performance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychological Reports, 27(3), 903-908.

Betrayal in Hamlet Essay

How does betrayal or treachery help in developing the main character? What it reveals about the characters? Use a theme. How betrayal was a theme and how if affected the main character? William Shakespeare, one of the most influential writers in history, was renowned for masterfully elaborating themes of real life into his pieces of literature. In fact, his plays were able to transcend time, influencing the course of western literature because of their universal thematic. In one of Shakespeare’s most acclaimed plays, Hamlet, the author dissects the common theme of betrayal. Although the play carries the name of its main protagonist, all characters play crucial roles in the development of the many layers of meaning of the intricate plot and the character of Hamlet himself. Four characters in particular play important roles in developing a predominant theme in Hamlet. From the beginning of the play to the end, Hamlet experiences a development of character through the betrayals of Gertrude, Ophelia, Rosencrantz and Gildernstern. When the play opens, Hamlet’s relationship with his mother was very close. Nonetheless, after his mother married his uncle only two months after his father’s death, Hamlet suspected that she was involved in the plot to murder his father. Consequently, Hamlet’s feeling and trust in his mother were greatly diminished. These incestuous actions by Hamlet’s mother, the most important woman in his life, added the distrust of women to Hamlet’s feelings. He mocked his mother, the â€Å"seeming virtuous queen†, with phrases like â€Å"frailty, thy name is woman†, and â€Å"such dexterity to incestuous sheets†. His words not only illustrated his disgust, frustration and disappointment towards his mother and women in general, but also established Hamlet’s sense of isolation. A young man such as Hamlet often puts his mother on a pillar and uses her as a comparison as to how all women are to behave. Gertrude’s behaviour provided Hamlet with a false sense of security and distorted his views on women. Hamlet showed no affection towards his mother throughout the entire play. It is obvious that he loved her dearly, however, his behaviour did not portray his true emotions. Though it is difficult to see, due to Hamlet’s immature behaviour, it is clear that the loving relationship between mother and son did exist. The extent to which Hamlet felt betrayed by Gertrude is far more apparent with his interactions with Ophelia. Hamlet’s feelings of rage against his mother were directed toward Ophelia, who was, in his estimation, disguised her true nature behind a veil of impeccability. Ophelia complied with Polonius’ orders to stop seeing Hamlet, and later allowed both Polonius and Claudius to spy on her conversation with Hamlet. These continuous betrayals from Ophelia deteriorate Hamlet’s opinion of women. Hamlet advised Ophelia â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery†(3.1.121). Hamlet felt embarrassment and frustration in the failure of persuading Ophelia to care about him. In Hamlets eyes, this failure could only be explained by the fact that she is a woman. Hamlet’s love was broken and misused once again in the case with Ophelia. Hamlet’s consistent betrayal by the women in his life has added to the growing hatred of women through his eyes. Hamlet’s feelings for Ophelia shifted from passionate love, to resentful hatred. He resented her for being the weak character that she is and listening to her father, therefore not returning his love. While at the same time, he was madly in love with her, and could not express his feelings any more than he already has. Not only is he immature in his actions towards her, but also very unpredictable. For example, his behaviour towards her during the play that he created is immoral, and rude. His possessive and persistent behaviour frightened Ophelia, for he continuously threatened her and attempted to persuade her to return his love. Even Hamlet’s close friends Rosencrantz and Gildernstern betrayed him by spying on Hamlet for Claudius and Gertrude (Act 2 Scene 3). Rosencratz and Guildenstern represent disloyalty and dishonesty in the play. They betray their friend and conspire with the King to eliminate Hamlet. Hamlet uncovered their deceitfulness and ironically arranges for their death. Ironically, these two men’s treachery leads to their own demise in the hands of the man they betrayed, Hamlet. The betrayal of Rosencrantz and Gildernstern affected his life significantly. Hamlet reached his lowest point. From the evidence stated above, one can see that it was all the traumatic events in Hamlet’s life that lead him to grieve. Hamlet not only lost his father, but was also betrayed by everyone that he holds dear. Hamlet could not handle and bear all the pressures of life at that particular part in time. Hamlet’s character, though extremely complex and intricate, is also surprisingly immature and unpredictable. Hamlet’s personality is directly reflected in most notably in his relationships with his mother, Gertrude, and his lover Ophelia. The character of Gertrude and Ophelia help to reveal Hamlet’s true personality. The weakness and naà ¯ve aspects of their characters exemplify Hamlet’s controlling personality. Through their own characteristics, Gertrude, Ophelia, Rosencrantz and Gildernstern helped illustrate Hamlet’s personality throughout the play. â€Å"Frailty thy name is woman† may have been Shakepeare’s attitude about the female characters of the play; however, this weak and naive characteristic that he placed on the female roles was a necessity to the play. Hamlet’s immature, unpredictable and insane behaviour could not have been defined if the female roles had not existed in the plot to shape his true personality.

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